Verb Stem

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=82 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" background="0a4fd521erlcgo.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>Dena' ina Language Guide</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dena ina Language Guide"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id2.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Region"><U>Region</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id4.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Introduction"><U>Introduction</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id3.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Syntax and Verb Morphology "><U>Syntax and Verb Morphology </U></A>   |   <A HREF="id45.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tense"><U>Tense</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id15.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Chart Concept"><U>Chart Concept</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id44.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Answer"><U>Answer</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Verb Stem Dictionary"><U>Verb Stem Dictionary</U></A>   |   <B>Verb Stem</B>   |   <A HREF="id41.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Stem Aspect"><U>Stem Aspect</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id40.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Prefix Positions"><U>Prefix Positions</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id39.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Imperfect/Perfect/Future/Progressive"><U>Imperfect/Perfect/Future/Progressive</U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="0a3d2993.jpg"> <div>  <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dena ina Language Guide"><U>Dena' ina Language Guide</U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Verb Stem Dictionary"><U>Verb Stem Dictionary</U></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=398 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Verb Stem</I></div> <div> <B>Dena'ina Verbs and Morphemes</B></div> <div> The Dena'ina verb consists of a <U>stem</U> which must have at least one prefix before it to make a word.  </div> <div> The stem is a morpheme which cannot stand alone (i.e. a bound morpheme).  </div> <div> The prefixes are morphemes which also cannot stand alone (also bound morphemes).  </div> <div>  There are 19 prefix positions numbered from right to left before the verb stem like this:</div> <bR> <div>      19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8 , 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, stem</div> <bR> <div> Note: seldom will a verb have all 19 prefixes.  Most commonly a verb will have 1-5 prefixes</div> <bR> <div> <B>Verb Stems</B></div> <div> Dena'ina verb stems cannot stand alone; they must have at least one prefix before them.  </div> <div> In addition verb stems are of two types: </div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">open</U> which have a consonant and a vowel (CV), </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">and <U>closed</U> which have a consonant, vowel, and consonant (CVC).  </div> <bR> <div> CV and CVC stems take different rules as to formation of the three modes, <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >imperfect </FONT>(action incomplete), </div> <div> perfect (action complete), and future/progressive as well as other rules.  In addition verb stems have </div> <div> different grammatical rules according to which of several categories they are in (aspect).  </div> <bR> <div> Example of  verb stems for the momentaneous aspect:</div> <div> Open</div> <div> handle a compact object</div> <div>     <B> -'ux</B>     imperfect     </div> <div>      <B>-'un</B>     perfect</div> <div>    <B>  -'u³</B>     f<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >uture/progressive</FONT></div> <div> Closed</div> <div> Handle plural objects</div> <div>      <B>-da³</B>     imperfect</div> <div>      <B>-datl'</B>   perfect</div> <div>      <B>-de³</B>     future/progressive</div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>