Stem Aspect

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=82 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" background="0a4fd521erlcgo.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>Dena' ina Language Guide</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dena ina Language Guide"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id2.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Region"><U>Region</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id4.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Introduction"><U>Introduction</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id3.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Syntax and Verb Morphology "><U>Syntax and Verb Morphology </U></A>   |   <A HREF="id45.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tense"><U>Tense</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id15.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Chart Concept"><U>Chart Concept</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id44.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Answer"><U>Answer</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Verb Stem Dictionary"><U>Verb Stem Dictionary</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id42.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Verb Stem"><U>Verb Stem</U></A>   |   <B>Stem Aspect</B>   |   <A HREF="id40.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Prefix Positions"><U>Prefix Positions</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id39.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Imperfect/Perfect/Future/Progressive"><U>Imperfect/Perfect/Future/Progressive</U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="0a3d2993.jpg"> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dena ina Language Guide"><U>Dena' ina Language Guide</U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Verb Stem Dictionary"><U>Verb Stem Dictionary</U></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=398 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Stem Aspect</I></div> <div> <B>III. VERB STEM ASPECT</B></div> <div> Dena'ina verb stems fall into a number of general, abstract and semantic categories each with </div> <div> its own set of stem morphemes for imperfect, perfect and future/progressive. In addition each of </div> <div> these will vary according to whether it is an open (consonant/vowel) or </div> <div> closed (consonant/vowel/consonant) type of stem.</div> <bR> <div> The other characteristic of stem aspect is that prefix positions 3,4, and 5 will have certain patterned </div> <div> morphemes signaling what the mode is: imperfect or perfect.</div> <div> <B>1. Momentaneous     </B>Actions occurring at a single moment of time.</div> <div>      Ø imperfective      paired with      z perfective</div> <div>      z imperfective                      z perfective</div> <div>      Ø imperfective                 gh perfective</div> <div>      n imperfective                 n perfective</div> <div>      Ø imperfective                 Ø perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>2. Durative</B>: Actions over a prolonged period of time.</div> <div>      Ø imperfective</div> <div>      gh perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>3. Semelfactive</B>: a single act out of a possible series.</div> <div>      Ø imperfective</div> <div>      z perfective*</div> <bR> <div> <B>4. Serative</B>: discrete actions performed in a series</div> <div>      Ø imperfective</div> <div>      gh perfective</div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>5. </B></FONT><B>Repetitive</B>:<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > unanalyzable (to the Dena'ina) repeated actions (e.g. I'm dancing)</FONT></div> <div>      Ø  imperfective</div> <div>      ghe perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>6. Stative</B>: signifies the object is at rest in a particular place</div> <div>      z imperfective</div> <div>      gh perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>7. Neuter</B>: refers to adjective-like qualities such as color.</div> <div>      gh imperfective</div> <div>      gh perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>8. Transitional</B>: verbs expressing transition into a certain condition (e.g. becoming…)</div> <div>      Ø imperfective</div> <div>      Ø perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>9. Progressive</B>: motion which is continuous or non-directional</div> <div>      gh perfective</div> <div>      gh progressive</div> <bR> <div> <B>10 Continuative</B>: signifies a series of punctual actions</div> <div>      Ø imperfective</div> <div>      gh or z perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>11. Metamorphic-Reversative</B>: used to signify the transfer of something into another state or stage.</div> <div>      Ø imperfective</div> <div>      z or gh perfective</div> <bR> <div> <B>12. Customary</B>: actions which are done regularly</div> <div> <B>     </B>Ø imperfective</div> <div>      gh perfective</div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="479" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="150"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="150" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>Imperfective</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>Perfective</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>Progressive</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Momentaneous</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> z</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="150" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> z</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> z</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="150" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="150" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> n</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> n</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="150" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Durative</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Semelfactive</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> z (I, pos 5)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Seriative</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Repetitive</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Stative</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> z</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Neuter</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Transitional</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Progressive</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="104" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><div> gh</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Continuative</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh, z</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="150"><div> Metamorphic/</div> <div> Reservative</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> z, gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="150"><div> Customary</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="104"><div> Ø</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="88"><div> gh</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="112"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="112" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>